(1) New York Times, 9 Octobre 2005. Propos rapportés par Clifford Krauss, «  In Canada's Wilderness, Measuring the Cost of Oil Profits »

(2) Paul Floren ( attaché de presse Exploration/Production chez Total ), interview téléphonique du 20 Avril 2006 ( lien vers l'interview commune )

(3) voir http://www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca/nature/whp/ramsar/df02s06.en.html

(4) http://www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca/nature/whp/ramsar/df02s06.en.html

(5) Sur les 388 millions de mètres cube de vapeur autorisés au pompage de la rivière Athabasca, seulement 38 ( soit 10% ) y sont réinjectés.

(6) F : P.M.Fedorak, D.L. Coy, M.J. Salloum and M.J. Dudas, 2002. “Methanogenic potential of tailings samples from oil sands extraction plants.,” Canadian Journal of Microbiology, (2002), volume 48, pp.21-33, http://cjm.nrc.ca

(7) :B. Peachey, S trategic Needs for Energy Relate Water Use Technologies. Water and the EnergyINet (2005), p. 34, http://www.aeri.ab.ca/sec/new_res/docs/EnergyINet_and_Water_Feb2005.pdf

(8) : John Hollenhorst, “Environmental Impact a Consideration in Oil Sands Business” édition en ligne. KSL News , 9 août 2005.

(9) : Adrienne Price and Carl A. Mendoza, How big is your man-made aquifer? Groundwater flow and salt transport in sand tailings storage facility, Fort McMurray, Alberta. (2004), Paper No.194-6. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 36, No. 5, p. 451.

(10) : National Energy Board, Canada’s Oil Sands – Outlook to 2015 , p. 68

(11) : Conrad Environmental Aquatics Technical Advisory Group (CEATAG), Naphthenic Acids Background Information Discussion Report (1998), Alberta Department of Energy: Edmonton, AB, Canada.

(12) : Pour exemple, voir p. 65 of Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. Application for an Oil Sands Mine, Bitumen Extraction Plant, and Bitumen Upgrading Plant in the Fort McMurray Area, (2004), Joint Panel Report. EUB Decision 2004-2005.

(13) : Alberta’s Surface Water Quality Guidelines ont été développés pour la protection de la vie aquatique, de l'agriculture et de la qualité de vie des canadiens par le gouvernement. http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/protenf/publications/surfwtrqualnov99.pdf

(14) : John V.Headley et Dena W. McMartin, “ A review of the occurrence and fate of naphthenic acids in aquatic environments,” Part A – Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering (2004), Vol.A 39, No.8, pp.1989-2010.

(15) : National Energy Board, Canada’s Oil Sands: Opportunities and Challenges to 2015, An Energy Market Assessment (2004), p. 68.

(16) : Exploration Rio Alto Ltd. (maintenant CNRL, producteur de pétrole en Athabasca), Kirby Project Application for Approval to Alberta Energy and Utilities Board and Alberta Environment (2002), Vol.2, p. C2-16.

(17) CNRL a estimé que pour sa mine Horizon, la dépressurisation des aquifères aura des conséquences en ce qui concerne les baisses de niveau sur une zone de 98 kilomètre carré. Source: Canadian Natural Resources Ltd., Horizon Oil Sands Project. Application for Approval (2002), Volume 6, Section 4, pp. 4-37.

(18) Griffiths, Mary et Dan Woynillowicz. 2003. Oil and Troubled Waters: Reducing the Impact of the Oil and Gas Industry on Alberta’s Water Resources.

(19) Les chiffres de EnCana pour Foster Creek sont basés sur une estimation de moyenne de production de 15,900 m3/jour pour la période 2005-2025. Voir : http://www.encana.com/operations/upstream/ca_foster_creek.html

(20) Florence Hum, Peter Tsang, Harding Thomas et Kantzas A..Apostolos, Review of Produced Water Recycle and Beneficial Reuse (2005), Institut pour l'Energie durable, l'Environnement et l'Economie. Université de Calgary, p. 29.

(21) Government of Alberta, Water for Life: Alberta’s Strategy for Sustainability (2003), http://www.waterforlife.gov.ab.ca/

(22) et (23) Golder Associates Ltd., A compilation of information and data on water supply and demand in the lower Athabasca River Reach (2005), Préparé pour le CEMA Surface Water Working Group http://www.synergyalberta.ca/docs/conference_materials/2005/cema.pdf

(24) http://www.pollutionwatch.org/pressroom/factSheetData/PollutionWatch%20Alberta%20Overvie%202003%20-%20FINAL.pdf

(25) Environment Canada (2005), http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ape/cape_home_e.cfm

(26) Pollution Watch, Ranking facilities by air releases of CAC –Alberta (2005)

(27) Alberta’s Ambient Air Quality Guideline (AAQG) for nitrogen oxides (N0x) est basé sur la prévention des risques sanitaires pour l'homme. Le guideline pour S02 est basé sur la prévention des effets sur la végétation.

(28) Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment, Canada Wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone (2000), p. 4.

(29) Albian Sands Energy Inc., Muskeg River Mine Expansion Project, Environmental Impact Assessment Appendices for the Muskeg River Mine Expansion, Appendix 2-9, Air and Noise Modelling Methods (Avril 2005), Tables 27 et 28, p. 107 et 108.

(30) The Particulate Matter and Ozone Management Framework a été recommandé au gouvernemtn par les acteurs de la Clean Air Strategic Alliance en 2003. voir : http://www.casahome.org/

(31) Albian Sands Energy Inc., Projet d'expansion de la mine de la rivière Muskeg , Air Quality Planned Development Case Ambient Predictions , Avril 2005, Table 16, p. 36.

(32) Clean Air Strategic Alliance, Particulate Matter and Ozone Management Framework (2003), pp. 31–34.

(33) N0x/S02 Management Working Group, 2004, cartographie du N0x et S0x.

(34) Environment Canada, Western Boreal Conservation Initiative– Strategic Plan (2004), p.1.

(35) Cité dans Environment Canada, Western Boreal Conservation Initiative – Strategic Plan . p. 4.

(36) Global Forest Watch Canada, Boreal Canada: State of the Ecosystem, State of Industry, Emerging Issues and Projections – Report to the National Round Table on Environment and the Economy (2004), p.5

(37) Natural Resources Canada, The State of Canada’s Forests 2004-2005 (2005), p. 44

(38) Environment Canada, Western Boreal Conservation Initiative – Backgrounder (2004), p. 2.

(39) Alberta Environment, Conservation and Reclamation Information Letter – C&R/IL/00-2 -Guideline for wetland re-establishment on reclaimed oil sands leases (2000), http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/protenf/landrec/documents/2000-2.pdf

(40) Preston McEachern et Theo Charette, Lakes in Alberta’s Boreal Forest. Lakeline , Hiver 2003/04.

(41) Global Forest Watch Canada ( www.globalforestwatch.org/english/canada/ ) , Boreal Canada: State of the Ecosystem, State of Industry, Emerging Issues and Projections – Report to the National Round Table on Environment and the Economy (2004), p. 12.

(42) voir : http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/protenf/landrec/definitions.html

(43) Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Conservation and Reclamation Information Letter - Guidelines for Reclamation to Forest Vegetation in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (Janvier 1999).

(44) John V. Headley et Dena W. McMartin, “A review of the occurrence and fate of naphthenic acids in aquatic environment,”. Part A – Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering (2004), Vol.A39, No.8, pp. 1989–2010.

(45) Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Shell Canada Limited Applications for a tar sands Mine, Bitumen Extraction Plant, Co-generation Plant, and Water Pipeline in the Fort McMurray Area (2004), Joint Panel Report. EUB Decision 2004-009, p. 68.

(46) Syncrude Canada Ltd., 2004 Sustainability Report (2005), p. 60.

(47) Canadian Natural Resources Ltd.., Supplemental Responses (2004), Part 2, 21.5 (ii), p. 100

(48) Alberta Pacific Forestry Ltd., Draft Al-Pac FMA Area Forest Management Plan (2005), p. 157

(49) Cumulative Environmental Management Association, Review and Assessment of Environmental Effects Information for Wildlife and Fish Indicators in the Regional Sustainable Development Strategy (RSDS) Study Area within the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR). Mars 2003. p. 42.

(50)-(51)-(52) Daniel Farr, Steve Kennett, Monique M. Ross, Brad Stelfox et Marian Weber, Al-Pac Case Study Report – Part 1. Management Objectives. Preparé pour le tour de table national sur l'économie et l'environnement. Juillet 2004. p. 5

(53) http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/108.asp

(54) Alberta Environment. 2005. State of the Environment (2005), http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/soe/land_indicators/41_oilsands_reclamation.html

(55) Sources : Alberta Environment State of the Environment 2004 , http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/soe/land_indicators/41_oilsands_reclamation.html et Shell Canada Ltd Application for the Muskeg River Mine Expansion (2005), Appendice 2-6.